January 26, 2026

Premier Yard Treatment Solutions in Philadelphia: Professional Tips for Year-Round Grass Maintenance

Philadelphia lawns have a character formed by clay-heavy soils, damp summers, and winters that turn from sloppy to severe. If you have actually ever before enjoyed an uneven lawn perk up after a well-timed oygenation or seen cool-season turf collapse under July heat, you understand the city's peculiarities require both planning and agility. The most effective lawn care solutions in Philadelphia work with those truths, not against them. They time renovations around dirt temperature levels, readjust trimming heights as summer season works out in, and deal with the messy middle ground where turf care meets city landscaping.

This overview mixes functional, season-by-season upkeep guidance with insight on choosing the right lawn treatment company in Philadelphia. I'll additionally detail what separates top-tier service providers from the remainder, based upon years of walking buildings, troubleshooting irrigation, and taking notes on what actually flourishes here.

What makes Philly yards unique

The region's leading lawn kinds are cool-season grasses, commonly tall fescue with some Kentucky bluegrass and seasonal rye mixed in. Tall fescue is the workhorse for city and country residential or commercial properties, many thanks to its heat tolerance, deep rooting, and enhanced dry spell resistance compared to bluegrass. Philly's mid-Atlantic climate implies quick springtime development, stress and anxiety in peak summer, a strong fall healing home window, and an inactive or semi-dormant winter.

Soils often lean clay loam, which condenses easily and holds water. That can be a blessing throughout droughts but a migraine during rainy stretches, when roots suffocate. Lots of rowhome lawns rest over construction backfill with poor raw material. Grass has a hard time there without aeration, garden compost topdressing, and mindful watering.

We also contend with thick tree canopies in communities like Chestnut Hillside and West Philly. Shield is the quiet yard awesome, and the best landscaping company in Philadelphia will inform you the fact: lawn needs a minimum of four hours of filtered light to look good long term. In deep shade, groundcovers or mulch beds outperform lawn, both visually and financially.

How to pick a yard care firm in Philadelphia

An excellent yard care business in Philadelphia does more than mow and blow. They construct a strategy around your microclimate, soil, and use. Below is what I seek when assessing providers:

Experience with cool-season lawn and clay dirts. Ask just how they manage compaction, which oygenation tools they utilize, and whether they suggest slit seeding in fall.

Soil-first approach. Top-rated teams press soil screening every a couple of years, change pH with lime or sulfur as required, and use slow-release nitrogen to lower surge growth.

Transparent, seasonal programs. Philly yards gain from 6 to 8 solution touchpoints per year. Clear timetables aid you prepare, particularly for seeding and pre-emergent windows.

Practical irrigation assistance. Many city homes rely on tubes and lawn sprinklers. An educated crew helps set practical watering schedules without overselling watering systems where they're not needed.

Pest and weed control with judgment. Crabgrass, nutsedge, and wild violet are common below. Grubs appear after wet springs. Seek providers who favor targeted treatment, not blanket spraying.

There's likewise the human factor. The best firms communicate very early about weather hold-ups, leave notes after each visit, and explain trade-offs clearly. If your shade degree or dirt account makes a picture-perfect lawn impractical, a reliable staff will move your strategy towards landscaping services Philadelphia homeowners utilize to enhance turf, like increased beds or native plant borders.

The seasonal rhythm that operates in Philadelphia

A terrific grass in this city is the product of excellent timing. The calendar issues, however dirt and air temperatures matter a lot more. Below is just how I map the year.

Late winter months into very early springtime: wake-up and prevention

Once snow mold and mildew recedes and the dirt is solid enough to function, I begin with a fast cleaning. Mow high to remove off winter season's ragged ends. Rake out matted areas gently, not boldy, to prevent uprooting tender crowns.

This is the window for pre-emergent herbicides to quit crabgrass. Aim for when soil temperature levels struck roughly 55 degrees for a number of days. That usually lands anywhere from late March to mid April, depending on the year. If you plan to seed bare places in springtime, miss pre-emergent because location or make use of a product classified for new seed.

On soils that evaluated acidic, late wintertime or early springtime is a wise time for lime. Numerous Philadelphia lawns sit between pH 5.5 and 6.3. Cool-season lawns choose 6.2 to 7.0. Don't think. Lime without an examination and you can lock up nutrients for several years. A top yard care business in Philly will set up dirt testing upfront and spread the adjustment over multiple applications rather than unloading a heavy dosage in one pass.

Mowing begins once again as growth returns to. Set the deck at 3 to 3.5 inches for fescue. This greater cut shades dirt, decreases evaporation, and discourages weeds. Sharpen the blade. Dull blades tear lawn, which raises condition danger in our moist springs.

Late spring into very early summertime: manage development, get ready for stress

This is the period of quick growth and unexpected tornados. High fescue reacts well to a light feeding with slow-release nitrogen, commonly 0.5 to 0.75 pounds of real nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Press it more difficult and you build rich development that struggles when warm shows up. I prefer to leave area for a more powerful fall feeding, when the plant can bank energy in roots.

Weed pressure climbs now. Dandelions are easy pickings with careful herbicides or a sharp weeder after rainfall. Ground ivy and wild violet are harder. Sensible, targeted treatments function best. Blanket spraying the whole grass wastes item and can blister tender spring growth.

If grubs were a problem last year, talk with your carrier about precautionary therapies based upon tracking, not practice. Not every backyard needs it, and beneficial pests suffer when you spray preventively without cause.

Irrigation, if you have it, ought to supplement rainfall, not replace it. Early summer can be feast or scarcity. Aim for an inch of water each week combined, adjusting for rains. Deep, infrequent watering is the policy. Lawn that obtains a day-to-day splash trains roots towards the surface area and stress out faster in July.

High summertime: shield and conserve

Philadelphia summer seasons are humid, and heat snaps will certainly test your yard. This is when you transform strategies. Increase cutting height to 3.5 to 4 inches. Miss a cut if the grass slows down under heat stress and anxiety. Scalping invites illness like brown spot, which likes cozy evenings and wet foliage.

Fertilization needs to be minimal or none in July and August. Feeding during warmth motivates local lawn care services Philadelphia top development at the exact minute origins are having a hard time. If a lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy suggests a hefty mid-summer feeding for cool-season turf, ask why. In virtually every instance, it's better to wait.

Irrigate as the grass needs. The screwdriver examination is easy and effective: press a screwdriver into the dirt. If it moves in easily to the handle, wetness is adequate. If it only permeates an inch, the soil is completely dry. Water early in the early morning so leaves dry rapidly. If you select to let the grass go dormant, water gently every a couple of weeks, around a fifty percent inch, simply to keep crowns alive.

Watch for conditions. Brownish spot reveals as irregular tan patches with a dark margin. Summer season patch can be more perilous, typically linked to compaction and stressed out origins. Social controls come first: develop blades, stay clear of late-day watering, and miss nitrogen. An experienced landscaper in Philadelphia can encourage when fungicides are warranted for high-value grass, but the majority of home yards recoup with loss oygenation and overseeding.

Fall: Philly's prime time for recovery and renovation

From Labor Day to Halloween is the wonderful spot. Dirt is cozy, air is cooler, and weeds are much less hostile. If I might only pick one period to invest in, it would be fall.

Core oygenation in September decreases compaction, enhances oxygen exchange, and opens up networks for nutrients and water. On clay-heavy yards, drawing cores a minimum of once a year makes a significant distinction over a couple of seasons. I favor hollow-tine aerators and a dual pass if the soil is heavily compacted.

Overseeding right after oygenation functions well. High fescue mixes that consist of turf-type ranges create a dense, fine-bladed look with much better condition resistance. Go for 3 to 5 extra pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet for overseeding, greater for full improvement. Topdressing with a quarter inch of evaluated garden compost helps hold seed, enhances microbial life, and smooths minor undulations.

Fertilization belongs below. A well balanced fall program offers 0.75 to 1 extra pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in early loss and one more light application 6 to eight weeks later on, changed based upon soil examinations. This strategy drives origin development and carb storage, which settle next spring.

Broadleaf weeds are surprisingly vulnerable in autumn. Therapies for clover, plantain, and dandelion are more reliable now because plants are pulling sources steadily right into their origins. If you favor a lighter chemical impact, area therapy stays a smart compromise.

Leaf administration issues. Damp leaves asphyxiate grass and welcome snow mold and mildew. Compost mowing, which chops leaves into fine little bits, operates in most cases and returns raw material to the soil. When the volume exceeds what the mower can manage, collect and compost or ask your landscaping services Philadelphia company to haul them. The goal is constantly the very same: avoid matting and keep light reaching the grass.

Winter: protect what you built

Once development quits, make a final cleaning pass. The last mow generally lands around 2.75 to 3 inches, somewhat lower than your summer elevation. This helps in reducing snow mold danger, though we do not get the relentless snow cover seen in northern regions. Stay clear of heavy foot web traffic on frozen or saturated lawns. If the ground defrosts during a warm spell, stand up to the lure to rake or work the yard till the soil firms again.

Winter is likewise a great time to evaluate bigger adjustments. Do you have sections that never ever thrive due to color or drainage? A smart landscaping Philadelphia redesign may change those failings with shade-tolerant perennials, ornamental crushed rock, or expanded beds that decrease maintenance and water use. The very best landscaper in Philly will design with runoff policies and local plant combinations in mind, so your yard looks all-natural in the neighborhood.

The solution food selection that in fact helps

When individuals search for lawn care services Philadelphia, they commonly see package packages that look interchangeable. Under the hood, though, there are purposeful differences. Below is a functional way to think of solution options.

Mowing and edging. lawn care services for homes Philadelphia Helpful when growth is quickly. The quality of job shows in details: rotating mowing patterns to stop ruts, cutting equally without scalping, and blowing clippings out of beds instead of hiding plants.

Fertilization and weed control. Seek suppliers who utilize slow-release sources for most of the nitrogen, time feedings to spring and autumn, and favor spot sprays for weeds. Programs with five to 7 gos to per year are common, however the material of those gos to matters greater than the count.

Aeration and overseeding. This is the solitary most impactful annual solution for compressed Philly lawns. If a company attempts to avoid it, be unconvinced. Slit seeding can enhance or change overseeding in severe thinning due to the fact that it puts seed right into shallow soil furrows where wetness lingers.

Soil testing and changes. The difference in between presuming and screening shows up in your grass within 2 periods. pH modifications, potassium adjustments, and organic matter approaches are hard to set without data.

Topdressing and compost incorporation. Particularly on freshly built homes, where topsoil is slim and subsoil is dense, an annual quarter inch of garden compost after aeration constructs fertility and enhances framework. It is not showy, yet it works.

Irrigation check-ups or upgrades. If you have an automatic system, request neck and neck insurance coverage audits and matched rainfall nozzles. If you rely on hoses, have your supplier mark a simple watering strategy that fits your schedule.

Pest and disease monitoring. As opposed to scheduled pesticide applications, the best companies check, record, and deal with when thresholds are gotten to. Japanese beetle grubs, chinch insects, and fungal illness call for different timing. Spraying on a schedule wastes money and welcomes resistance.

Watering in the city: useful, not perfect

Many Philly properties do not have in-ground irrigation. That is great. I have actually handled lots of good-looking lawns with a couple of oscillating lawn sprinklers and an inexpensive timer. The technique is discipline.

Set sprinklers so they overlap slightly, providing approximately one inch weekly spread over 2 deep soakings. Use a tuna can or a rain scale to gauge. Relocate sprinklers systematically to stay clear of dry touches. If a heat wave hits, rise duration, not regularity. Early morning watering avoids leaf moisture overnight, which gas fungus.

Side lawns and tiny yards can be persistent. Wind tunnels between rowhomes make distribution unequal, and fencings block lawn care maintenance Philadelphia spray. In those places, soaker hose pipes under a light mulch can outmatch overhanging watering.

Mowing elevation, blades, and trimmings: tiny selections, huge payoffs

I harp on trimming because it is one of the most constant touch a grass obtains, and little blunders compound. Establish your mower high, hold that line in summer, and prevent getting rid of greater than one third of the blade each time. If a rainy week transforms your grass into a forest, use a dual pass at higher deck settings instead of compeling a single radical cut.

Sharpen blades at least twice a period. If you see white torn tips on the yard a day after mowing, your blade is boring. Torn pointers shed water rapidly, invite illness, and make the yard look gray.

Leave trimmings unless they mat. They return nitrogen and raw material. On heavy growth weeks, bagging is far better than smothering the turf. If a lawn treatment company leaves windrows or clumps, ask to reduce or take a second pass.

The color and tree root problem

Philadelphia's mature neighborhoods teem with maples, oaks, and sycamores. Trees and lawn contend increasingly for water and nutrients. If you have exposed origins at the surface, loading soil on the top is high-risk. Origins require oxygen. Instead, create a mulched ring out to the drip line where useful, and accept a minimized turf footprint.

In dappled color, great fescues can gain a place in the seed mix, but they do not like foot web traffic. Take into consideration tipping rock paths or expanded beds with high-traffic color zones. A great lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy equilibriums looks with fact, conserving you from reseeding the same location year after year.

Organic, low-input, and crossbreed programs

Plenty of house owners want to reduce artificial inputs. That is achievable, especially if you purchase dirt health, mowing discipline, and overseeding. Organic fertilizers build microbial life and launch nutrients gradually. Compost topdressing, fallen leave mulching, and clover assimilation all add to a resilient lawn.

Be straightforward concerning compromises. Weed stress will be higher in year one and 2, specifically against perennial weeds like violet. Many of my customers prosper with hybrid programs: natural fertility, cultural methods like aeration and compost, and targeted herbicides only where required. A lawn care business in Philly that understands this balance can customize a path that values your preferences while maintaining the yard presentable.

Pricing expectations and value checks

Costs vary by residential or commercial property size, accessibility, and solution range, however you can orient yourself with rough arrays across the city and close suburban areas. Mowing on small rowhome yards might run in the moderate regular cost array throughout height period, while quarter to half-acre country great deals can cost numerous times that. Oygenation and overseeding usually falls under a mid-three-to-high-three-figure variety depending upon dimension and seed choice. Full improvement, which involves non-selective kill, several seed passes, and topdressing, can press well over a thousand for larger properties.

Value exposes itself in results and interaction. If a team shows up dependably, leaves clean edges, proactively flags issues, and hits the crucial fall window promptly, they are gaining their keep. If they avoid aeration, stay clear of soil tests, or push mid-summer nitrogen for cool-season turf, press for descriptions or think about various other options.

When to call a landscaping company as opposed to pushing yard fixes

Sometimes, the most intelligent move is to change the canvas. If your front backyard gets much less than three hours of light, grass will always have a hard time. If runoff rips networks with your side lawn after tornados, lawn is not the solution. Landscaping Philadelphia tasks that include swales, permeable courses, and native plantings can fix the underlying issues and lower upkeep long term.

A capable landscaper in Philadelphia believes like a designer and a garden enthusiast. They must assess incline, soil infiltration, and plant selection together with aesthetic appeal. Work with teams that value your home's building style and the area's personality, not just the Pinterest vision.

A simple, seasonal list you can share with your provider

  • Early spring: dirt examination if overdue, hone lawn mower blades, apply pre-emergent when dirt strikes mid 50s, light slow-release feeding, mow at 3 to 3.5 inches.
  • Late springtime: spot-treat weeds, screen for grubs if there is a history, verify irrigation insurance coverage, keep trimming elevation steady.
  • Summer: elevate cutting to 3.5 to 4 inches, water deeply in early mornings as needed, prevent heavy nitrogen, take care of condition stress with social practices.
  • Early fall: core freshen, overseed with turf-type tall fescue blend, topdress with compost, apply a well balanced loss fertilizer.
  • Late autumn: 2nd light plant food if proper, compost or get rid of fallen leaves before they mat, final cut around 2.75 to 3 inches.

How premier service providers make their reputation

I have actually enjoyed companies gain five-star credibilities the sluggish way, over years of constant area work. They do the unglamorous points well. They stop briefly after a thunderstorm to reschedule a mow instead of rut your dirt. They switch over from blanket weed control to spot spray the very first time you ask, then describe the reasonable timeline for renovation. They motivate fall oygenation even if it is the busiest lawn care service company Philadelphia week of their year, because they know that is when it counts.

When you evaluate lawn care services Philadelphia homeowners advise, reliable lawn care company Philadelphia look past social evidence to process. Ask how they educate employees, what they do when a work fails, and exactly how they handle edge instances fresh turf in a heat wave. Good answers are specific. If the sales representative can not define the seed blend they use, the nitrogen source in their plant food, or the target soil pH, maintain interviewing.

A few edge situations worth calling out

New construction yards frequently remain on compressed subsoil with a slim veneer of topsoil. Expect a 2 to 3 year turn-around if you commit to aeration, compost topdressing, and mindful watering. Quick solutions rarely hold.

Pet damages focuses in wintertime and early spring. Flush those locations with water to dilute salts, after that topdress with a light layer of compost and seed when dirt warms. High fescue recoups better than bluegrass under repeat traffic.

Sidewalk strips warm up and dry out faster than the lawn appropriate. Think about drought-tolerant blends, a little drip line under mulch, or swapping turf for a challenging seasonal boundary. It is far better to have a strip that looks purposefully planted than a churned-up jumble of weeds and dust.

Slope areas can gain from slit seeding combined with disintegration control blankets for a period. Once developed, deeper-rooted high fescue outshines rye in holding soil.

Bringing everything together

A Philadelphia grass thrives when you sync with the city's periods and dirts. Spring establishes the table, summer examinations your perseverance, and drop incentives the job. The best grass treatment company in Philadelphia enhances your efforts with precise timing, honest guidance, and sharp execution. They know when to seed and when to wait, when to feed and when to keep back, when to eliminate weeds and when to reassess the planting.

Whether you keep the work in-house or companion with a specialist team, the principles remain the same. Build healthy and balanced dirt. Mow high with sharp blades. Water deeply but not constantly. Aerate and seed in loss. Pick plants that match the site rather than compeling the website to match the plant. With that strategy, your lawn comes to be greater than an eco-friendly surface. It turns into a durable landscape that looks excellent in April, endures July, and rebounds with vigor in October. Which, in Philadelphia's environment, is the mark of job well done.

EAS Landscaping Address: 1234 N 25th St, Philadelphia, PA 19121
Phone: +1 267-670-0173
Website: https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping is a Philadelphia-based landscape design and construction company specializing in artistic, sustainable outdoor spaces, including landscaping, hardscaping, garden design, and custom landscape architecture for residential projects.

View us on Google Maps
1234 N 25th St
Philadelphia, PA
19121
US

Business Hours

  • Monday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Tuesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Wednesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Thursday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Friday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Saturday: 9:00 AM – 1:00 PM
  • Sunday: Closed

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EAS Landscaping is a landscaping company

EAS Landscaping is based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

EAS Landscaping address is 1234 N 25th St Philadelphia PA 19121 United States

EAS Landscaping phone number is +1 267 670 0173

EAS Landscaping website is https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping operates on Tuesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Wednesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Thursday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Friday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Saturday from 9 AM to 1 PM

EAS Landscaping is closed on Sunday

EAS Landscaping operates on Monday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping is connected with Brooks Brothers Construction

Brooks Brothers Construction provides hardscaping services for EAS Landscaping

Horace Captain leads hardscaping projects for Brooks Brothers Construction

Horace Captain has over 30 years of hardscaping experience

EAS Landscaping provides landscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides hardscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape design services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape construction services

EAS Landscaping provides native plant installation and guidance

EAS Landscaping provides garden design services

EAS Landscaping provides residential landscape architecture services

EAS Landscaping provides fencing services

EAS Landscaping does not provide lawncare services

EAS Landscaping installs sod only as part of a larger design project

EAS Landscaping specializes in artscape landscape projects

EAS Landscaping collaborates with clients to create sustainable landscape designs

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in horticulture

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in landscape construction

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in project management

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in material logistics

EAS Landscaping won Philadelphia Sustainable Landscape Award

EAS Landscaping was awarded Best Urban Garden Design Philadelphia

EAS Landscaping received Recognition for Artistic Landscape Excellence

EAS Landscaping Google Maps link is https://maps.app.goo.gl/S64Ns9YXGW3pb42m8

EAS Landscaping has a YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPgmI0GioirEfnZG7hl4t7Q

EAS Landscaping has an Instagram profile https://www.instagram.com/easlandscaping/

EAS Landscaping uses social media for brand promotion

EAS Landscaping uses social media to showcase landscaping projects


Frequently Asked Questions About Lawn Care in Philadelphia


How much does lawn service cost in Philadelphia?

Lawn service in Philadelphia typically costs between $40 and $80 per visit for standard mowing. Pricing varies based on lot size, grass height, terrain, and service frequency. Additional services such as edging, trimming, or seasonal cleanup increase the total cost.

How much does lawn care cost in PA?

In Pennsylvania, routine lawn care generally ranges from $35 to $90 per visit. Monthly costs average $120 to $250 depending on services included. Fertilization, weed control, and aeration are usually priced separately.

What services are offered by Lawnstarter lawn care service in Philadelphia?

The platform typically offers lawn mowing, edging, trimming, and debris cleanup. Optional services commonly include fertilization, weed control, aeration, overseeding, and leaf removal. Availability can vary based on provider coverage and season.

What is the best grass to grow in Philadelphia?

Cool-season grasses perform best due to Philadelphia’s climate. Tall fescue is widely used for its heat tolerance and durability. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are also common, often blended for resilience.

What is the average pay for a lawn care worker in PA?

The average lawn care worker in Pennsylvania earns approximately $15 to $20 per hour. Entry-level roles are typically lower, while experienced operators earn more. Pay varies by season, employer, and skill level.

What is the best lawn care for beginners?

Basic lawn care for beginners includes regular mowing, proper watering, and seasonal fertilization. Maintaining correct mowing height and sharp blades prevents stress and disease. Weed control and soil testing can be added gradually.

Do you need a license for lawn care in PA?

General lawn mowing and maintenance do not require a state license in Pennsylvania. However, applying pesticides or herbicides commercially requires certification from the state. Local business registration may also be required.

What is the best time of year for lawn care?

Spring and fall are the most important seasons for lawn care. Fall is ideal for aeration, overseeding, and fertilization. Spring focuses on cleanup, early fertilization, and weed prevention.

What is the most expensive part of landscaping?

Hardscaping is typically the most expensive part of landscaping. This includes patios, retaining walls, drainage systems, and stonework. Costs are driven by materials, excavation, and labor intensity.

Is $20 an hour good in PA?

An hourly rate of $20 is above the statewide median for many labor roles. It is generally considered competitive for skilled or physically demanding work. Cost of living differences can affect how far this wage goes.

How many lawns can a 2 man crew mow in a day?

A two-person crew can typically mow 12 to 20 average-size lawns per day. Productivity depends on lawn size, travel distance, equipment efficiency, and service scope. Smaller, clustered properties increase output.

What is the difference between a landscaper and a groundskeeper?

A landscaper focuses on design, installation, and improvement of outdoor spaces. A groundskeeper maintains existing landscapes through mowing, pruning, and general upkeep. The roles differ mainly in scope and long-term responsibility.


Looking for lawn care in Philadelphia near Eastern State Penitentiary ? Professional lawn care services help maintain healthy grass, control weeds, and keep outdoor spaces consistently maintained throughout the season.

I am a enthusiastic professional with a rich background in consulting. My drive for game-changing solutions drives my desire to scale thriving ventures. In my professional career, I have established a identity as being a pragmatic leader. Aside from scaling my own businesses, I also enjoy coaching entrepreneurial risk-takers. I believe in motivating the next generation of problem-solvers to actualize their own desires. I am often venturing into groundbreaking possibilities and uniting with like-hearted risk-takers. Upending expectations is my inspiration. In addition to dedicated to my startup, I enjoy visiting dynamic destinations. I am also focused on outdoor activities.